Archive for 2015
Horizontal Gene Transfer in Humans
"Many animals, including humans, acquired essential ‘foreign’ genes from microorganisms co-habiting their environment in ancient times"
Horizontal gene transfer is a process whereby organisms living within the same environment pass genes between one another. In contrast, conventional evolutionary genetics dictate that genes are passed on vertically down ancestral lines.
In single cell led organisms, this is a well known mechanism and thought to be the process whereby bacterial rapidly acquire antibiotic resistance. However, in a world first led by Alastair Crisp from the Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge - a comparative study examined HGT in animals and humans, whereby 144 foreign genes were identified ie: human genes not from our ancestors
The study involved
Reference :
1: http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/human-genome-includes-foreign-genes-not-from-our-ancestors
Horizontal gene transfer is a process whereby organisms living within the same environment pass genes between one another. In contrast, conventional evolutionary genetics dictate that genes are passed on vertically down ancestral lines.
In single cell led organisms, this is a well known mechanism and thought to be the process whereby bacterial rapidly acquire antibiotic resistance. However, in a world first led by Alastair Crisp from the Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge - a comparative study examined HGT in animals and humans, whereby 144 foreign genes were identified ie: human genes not from our ancestors
The study involved
Reference :
1: http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/human-genome-includes-foreign-genes-not-from-our-ancestors
Space Propulsion
RESONANT FREQUENCY THRUSTERS
A new form of electromagnetic propulsion that does not require conventional reaction mass (eg. rockets & rocket like engines) or propellant (eg. Hall Thrusters).
EM DRIVE
The EM Drive was developed by the British inventor Roger Shawyer, director of United Kingdom (UK)-based Satellite Propulsion Research Ltd (SPR) in 2001
Various independent replication of the EM drive in China (Chinese researchers from the Northwestern Polytechnical University (NWPU) in Xi'an in 2008 and 2013-14 have built, and confirmed the EM drive effect) , and recently in Germany conclude that there is thrust produced.
"Nevertheless, we do observe thrust close to the actual predictions after eliminating many possible error sources that should warrant further investigation into the phenomena. Our measurements reveal thrusts as expected from previous claims after carefully studying thermal and electromagnetic interferences. If true, this could certainly revolutionise space travel."
CANNAE DRIVE
Invented by chemical engineer Guido Fetta
CHINESE EM DRIVE
in 2010, Prof. Juan Yang in China began publishing about her research into EM Drive technology, culminating in her 2012 paper reporting higher input power (2.5kW) and tested thrust (720mN) levels of an EM Drive
In 2014, Prof. Yang’s papers reported extensive tests involving internal temperature measurements with embedded thermocouples.
It was reported (in SPR Ltd.’s website) that if the Chinese EM Drive were to be installed in the International Space Station (ISS) and work as reported, it could provide the necessary delta-V (change in velocity needed to perform an on-orbit maneuver) to compensate for the Station’s orbital decay and thus eliminate the requirement of re-boosts from visiting vehicles.
EAGLEWORKS, JOHNSON SPACE CENTRE
Dr. Harold “Sonny” White leads the advanced propulsion research group, which built its own experimental EM Drive, leading to similar results; presenting their groups test results on July 28-30, 2014, at the 50th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference in Cleveland, Ohio
HOW IT WORKS
These drives use a magnetron (recovered from home microwave ovens) to produce microwaves which are directed into a metallic, fully enclosed conically tapered high Qresonant cavity.
These drives have a greater area at one end of the device, and a dielectric resonator in front of the narrower end. They are designed to generate a directional thrust toward the narrow end of the cavity. They require an electrical power source to run the magnetron, but no other propellant.
A new form of electromagnetic propulsion that does not require conventional reaction mass (eg. rockets & rocket like engines) or propellant (eg. Hall Thrusters).
EM DRIVE
"Our measurements reveal thrusts as expected from previous claims after carefully studying thermal and electromagnetic interferences.It produces thrust by using solar power to generate multiple microwaves that move back and forth in an enclosed chamber. This means that until something fails or wears down, theoretically the engine could keep running forever without the need for rocket fuel
"If true, this could certainly revolutionise space travel." by Prof Tajmer , presenting his findings to the 2015 American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics' Propulsion and Energy Forum and Exposition this week
The EM Drive was developed by the British inventor Roger Shawyer, director of United Kingdom (UK)-based Satellite Propulsion Research Ltd (SPR) in 2001
Various independent replication of the EM drive in China (Chinese researchers from the Northwestern Polytechnical University (NWPU) in Xi'an in 2008 and 2013-14 have built, and confirmed the EM drive effect) , and recently in Germany conclude that there is thrust produced.
"Nevertheless, we do observe thrust close to the actual predictions after eliminating many possible error sources that should warrant further investigation into the phenomena. Our measurements reveal thrusts as expected from previous claims after carefully studying thermal and electromagnetic interferences. If true, this could certainly revolutionise space travel."
CANNAE DRIVE
Invented by chemical engineer Guido Fetta
CHINESE EM DRIVE
in 2010, Prof. Juan Yang in China began publishing about her research into EM Drive technology, culminating in her 2012 paper reporting higher input power (2.5kW) and tested thrust (720mN) levels of an EM Drive
In 2014, Prof. Yang’s papers reported extensive tests involving internal temperature measurements with embedded thermocouples.
It was reported (in SPR Ltd.’s website) that if the Chinese EM Drive were to be installed in the International Space Station (ISS) and work as reported, it could provide the necessary delta-V (change in velocity needed to perform an on-orbit maneuver) to compensate for the Station’s orbital decay and thus eliminate the requirement of re-boosts from visiting vehicles.
EAGLEWORKS, JOHNSON SPACE CENTRE
Dr. Harold “Sonny” White leads the advanced propulsion research group, which built its own experimental EM Drive, leading to similar results; presenting their groups test results on July 28-30, 2014, at the 50th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference in Cleveland, Ohio
HOW IT WORKS
These drives use a magnetron (recovered from home microwave ovens) to produce microwaves which are directed into a metallic, fully enclosed conically tapered high Qresonant cavity.
These drives have a greater area at one end of the device, and a dielectric resonator in front of the narrower end. They are designed to generate a directional thrust toward the narrow end of the cavity. They require an electrical power source to run the magnetron, but no other propellant.
i.e. These EM Drives are shaped like a truncated cone with directional thrust generated out the truncated cone/narrower end
Dr. White proposed that the EM Drive’s thrust was due to the Quantum Vacuum (the quantum state with the lowest possible energy) behaving like propellant ions behave in a MagnetoHydroDynamics drive (a method electrifying propellant and then directing it with magnetic fields to push a spacecraft in the opposite direction) for spacecraft propulsion.
Dr. White proposed that the EM Drive’s thrust was due to the Quantum Vacuum (the quantum state with the lowest possible energy) behaving like propellant ions behave in a MagnetoHydroDynamics drive (a method electrifying propellant and then directing it with magnetic fields to push a spacecraft in the opposite direction) for spacecraft propulsion.
Below is a updated 2012 design with Harold White of how a Alcubierre type drive could work
CERES
Update ** July 21-25 2015
Scattered light, described as a haze or bugs smeared on a windscreen effect were described to emanate out of the reflected bright spots in Spot 5, that are not visible when out of direct communication in the Sun.
On a dwarf planet with an almost non existent magnetic field in vacuum..and an anomaloy that seems to contain a mini atmosphere..it suggests, containment within a bubble or dome?
"If you look at a glancing angle, you can see what seems to be haze, and it comes back in a regular pattern," Dawn principal investigator Christopher Russell, of UCLA, said during a presentation Tuesday (July 21) at the second annual NASA Exploration Science Forum
subsequently, it appears that Russell is cautioned, and a new statement is issued
“I was speaking from less than a handful of images, and the interpretation of the images is disputed by some team members. I would like the debate to go on internally before we make a pronouncement one way or the other. I of course have my personal opinion, but I am not always right.”
Optical NanoResonator
Interestingly, a new research article has just been released around the same time, with regards to a light amplification process that can resonate light 10 000 x more with a minuscule absorption
An advanced highly efficient solar cell such as that from UMW involving a optical nanoresonator could realize extreme concentration of light at subwavelength nanoscale dimensions
Ceres was discovered in 1801, a massive body the size of Texas travelling between Mars and Jupiter, and is the only dwarf planet (between the a Sun and Neptune). It is perfectly round in shape, suggesting formation early within the solar system with a low density.
Exploration of Ceres, can hold the key to water within the middle solar system compared to other icy bodies. Currently it is being surveyed by the DAWN spacecraft undergoing it's 3rd lower orbital survey, following a glitch* during descent to lower orbit (July 2015)
Ceres geology features include
- Haze at Occator Crater (not jet or plume)
- There are at least 5 bright spot locations
- Bright spots: some appear to be depressions rather than craters (seen below)
- Spot5: Mysterious complex of bright spots at Occator Crater
- Distribution of bright spots appeared not consistent with impact
- 3 mile high conical structure (within a relatively smooth surrounding
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| Animation of 51 plates of Ceres |
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| Additional view of Spot 5 complex of bright spots |
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| Furrows leading up to the conical mound |
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| RC3 view of the conical mound |
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| Bright spot - appears to be a depression rather than a crater |
DAWN spacecraft
Dawn was launched in 2007 and will undergo 4 mapping orbits around ceres, and is powered by a ion engine
Dawn will conduct its studies from three lower orbital altitudes after RC3, taking advantage of the tremendous maneuverability provided by ion propulsion to spiral from one to another. We presented previews last year of each phase, and as each approaches, we will give still more up-to-date details, but now that Dawn is in orbit, let’s summarize them here. Of course, with complicated operations in the forbidding depths of space, there are always possibilities for changes, especially in the schedule. The team has developed an intricate but robust and flexible plan to extract as many secrets from Ceres as possible, and they will take any changes in stride.
Each orbit is designed to provide a better view than the one before, and Dawn will map the orb thoroughly while at each altitude. The names for the orbits – rotation characterization 3 (RC3); survey; high altitude mapping orbit (HAMO); and low altitude mapping orbit (LAMO) – are based on ancient ideas, and the origins are (or should be) lost in the mists of time. Readers should avoid trying to infer anything at all meaningful in the designations. After some careful consideration, your correspondent chose to use the same names the Dawn team uses rather than create more helpful descriptors for the purposes of these blogs. That ensures consistency with other Dawn project communications. After all, what is important is not what the different orbits are called but rather what amazing new discoveries each one enables
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| PIA 19562 |
IMPACT BASIN
Source: PIA19065
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| NASA Photojournal version |
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| Reprocessing from original PIA19065 and turned 180 degrees and...you see domes instead of craters |
Southern Hemisphere
Comparative Collage of Dwarfs and moons
Ceres (Rc3), Vesta, Mimas, Miranda, Enceladus, the Mars moons and Chariklo
Author: Daniele Bianchino, Italy
Mystery of the 13 zebra stripes of Earth
in 1960, NASA detected mysterious plasma waves in the Van Allen radiation belts, the donut-shaped rings surrounding the Earth that contain high-energy particles trapped by the planet's magnetic field.
Half a century later, Yuri Shprits, a research geophysicist in the UCLA College, and his colleagues discovered the structure of these waves when they are very close to the equator. The scientists observed 13 equally spaced lines measured by two European Space Agency Cluster satellites, and found highly structured wave spectrograms that look like a zebra pedestrian crossing.
The European Cluster spacecraft observed ring distributions of protons in space that provide the energy for the plasma waves. Modelling of waves based on these observations provided additional evidence that waves are excited by so-called proton ring distributions resulting in wave generation of such high energy particles into the atmosphere
Tag :
space
67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
FROZEN PRIMORDIAL SOUP
**Update: 30th July 2000 BST**"One of the big questions, though, is this material made on the comet? Or is it made first in space and then incorporated into the comet? We don't know the answer to that yet."
Results from the lander's seven instruments are published in a special collection of papers in the journal Science.
67P Composition
Born from the detritus of the primordial solar system more than 4.5 billion years ago, the icy comet has a fluffy coating over a hard-grained surface pocked with gas-spewing sinkholes
Electromagnetic signals fired through the centre of the comet showed the object had a uniform structure that was highly porous. The interior is 75% empty space
PHILAE INSTRUMENTS
67P Composition
Born from the detritus of the primordial solar system more than 4.5 billion years ago, the icy comet has a fluffy coating over a hard-grained surface pocked with gas-spewing sinkholes
Electromagnetic signals fired through the centre of the comet showed the object had a uniform structure that was highly porous. The interior is 75% empty space
PHILAE INSTRUMENTS
One team running a device called COSAC found no fewer than 16 organic compounds, four of which had not been known to exist on comets before
- Hydroxyethanal is "an efficient initiator in the prebiotic formation of sugars", they write.
- Methanenitrile is "a key molecule in the prebiotic synthesis of amino acids and nucleobases and even offers an elegant pathway to sugars".
- PTOLEMY discovered a simple polymer of formaldehyde (in the same ratio of carbohydrates to sugars found on Earth
Ancestral material
Prof Ian Wright of the Open University, who leads another instrument, Ptolemy, said the results were "really interesting".
It indicated the presence of a polyoxymethylene (POM), an organic polymer, or chained compound, on the comet surface.
POM has been suggested as playing a key role in prebiotic chemistry. But so far Philae has produced no evidence of amino acids, which chain together to form proteins, the building blocks of life.
"I see this cometary material that we're analysing as frozen primordial soup. It's the kind of stuff that if you had it, and warmed it up somehow, and put it in the right environment, with the right conditions, you may eventually get life forming out of it.
"What we may be looking at here is our abiological ancestral material - this is stuff that went into the mix to produce life.
"In many ways it's quite a humbling thing to be working on, because this is life before life happened."
PTOLEMY - instrument discovered polyoxymethylene, a string of relatively simple molecules forming a polymer of formaldehyde: (C-2H-O) repeated. "That same ratio of elements occur in carbohydrates and sugars so it's very interesting and implicated in the biological cycle we have on Earth."
PHILAES FATE
Newly published data show that Philae came to rest with three feet pointing up in partial shadow where it was unable to keep itself warm or generate sufficient electricity from its solar panels. Just three days after landing it shut down.
Although the probe began communicating again on June 24 it has been silent since July 9 and scientists now fear it will never make contact again.
"The landing site is dominated by metre-scale blocks, with a large elongated cliff, starting around one metre away. These large structures are responsible for Philae being partially shadowed, drastically limiting its energy intake for both warming up the internal compartment and supplying the solar panels."
However the final touchdown site was much harder than the original surface which meant that a hammer and drill on board Philae could not penetrate ground and gather samples as planned.
The image team, led by Dr Jean-Pierre Bibring, from the Universite Paris-Sud in France, described how Philae seemed to be "in a hole about its own size, partially shadowed by nearby boulders or cliffs".
One foot was probably stuck in a "local cavity", another rested on a sun-lit surface, and the third was "pointing upward".
SOURCE:
Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko is unusual.
The images alone suggest its no normal asteroid. But before we get into all that, let us journey across the timeline of 67P. Comet 67P has two distinct lobes, attached by a thinner neck. The larger of the two lobes, the body, and the smaller lobe, known as the head, give the comet a look similar to a plastic rubber duck. It appears as though this double-lobed shape is common among comets.
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* The comet has a black hydrocarbon crust overlaying ice, smooth icy “seas” and flat-bottomed craters containing lakes of re-frozen water overlain with organic debris.
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The Ambition
- 67P water vapour is different (from other planets and earth)
- origin of life has been strongly hinted at
- organic rich black crust (beneath ice) suggests alien microbial life forms*
- orbiting Rosetta spacecraft is said to have picked up "strange clusters of organic material that resemble viral particles"
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* The comet has a black hydrocarbon crust overlaying ice, smooth icy “seas” and flat-bottomed craters containing lakes of re-frozen water overlain with organic debris.
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The Ambition
Prior to landing on 67P, this promotional film was released by ESA. And therein, lies a scripted tale, easter eggs and an ambition (for humanity) by no other than Aidan Gillen "littlefinger" of HBO Game of Thrones fame. Date 24th Oct 2014
Update: July 19 2015
67P is divided into 19 parts and named after Egyptian gods following the use of the Rosetta stone of the Rosetta spacecraft.
"Just as the Rosetta Stone provided the key to an ancient [civilization], so ESA's Rosetta spacecraft will unlock the mysteries of the oldest building blocks of our Solar System — the comets"
"We picked Hapi for the neck since Hapi is the Nile god, and we figured that he should separate the lobes in the same way that the Nile splits Egypt into an eastern and western side,"
Regions on the body lobe of the comet are named after Egyptian gods, and regions on the head are named after goddesses, according to El-Maarry. So far there are 19 regions, which fall into five categories: dust-covered regions (Ma'at, Ash and Babi); one region covered in pits and circular structures that are underlain with brittle materials (Seth); regions with big depressions (Hatmehit, Nut and Aten); smoother regions (Hapi, Imhotep and Anubis); and those with rocklike surfaces (Maftet, Bastet, Serqet, Hathor, Anuket, Khepry, Aker, Atum and Apis).
The region names are mostly those of lesser-known Egyptian gods and goddesses, which El-Maarry said was intentional because many of the more popular deity names have already been used by other space missions.
Source: Gods among the stars
Rosetta 3D view of 67P
Listening for Extra Terrestrial Life: Breakthrough Listen and Breakthrough Message initiative
Russian internet entrepreneur Yuri Milner has offered $100 million over the next 10-years to detect signals from other technological civilizations in the universe whilst developing new digital signal processing technology to monitor 10 billion radio frequencies simultaneousl based on field-programmable gate arrays—a type of reconfigurable computer chip—and graphical processing units (GPUs) to crunch the 10 gigabytes of data per second
The two initiatives launched today include
- Breakthrough Listen, will be the most powerful search ever taken for signs of intelligent life beyond Earth. The project will survey the 1 million stars in the Milky Way closest to Earth, as well as the 100 closest galaxies.
- Breakthrough Message, will fund an international competition to determine the content of messages sent from humanity to alien civilizations.
Tag :
space
Space Explloration: Antimatter Source entrapped by van Allen belt
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| Antimatter reservoir. A newly discovered belt of antiprotons lies within the innermost portion (pink) of Earth's magnetosphere, the large bubblelike region interior to the blue arc that is controlled by the planet's magnetic field. |
Antiprotons
in 2011 researchers analyzing data from the 2006 PAMELA (Payload for Antimatter/Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics) identified 28 antiprotons with kinetic energies between 60 million and 750 million electron volts. That number is far higher than scientists would expect to see shooting toward Earth from distant reaches of the galaxy. The antiparticles appear to form a thin belt around Earth, gyrating around Earth's magnetic field lines and bouncing back and forth between the planet's north and south magnetic poles. The belt, which extends from a few hundred to about 2000 kilometers above Earth. The antiprotons in the belt are nearly a trillion times more valuable than diamonds,
Previously, the anti proton source was postulated to be sourced from annihilation of stars being ripped apart by Neutron stars and blackholes (1999 ESA INTEGRAL) and recently rogue antimatter found in thunderclouds
The study titled ‘The Discovery of Geomagnetically Trapped Cosmic-ray Antiprotons’, published in Astrophysical Journal Letters, suggests that a thin band of antiprotons has been observed in the Van Allen belt surrounding Earth, and thus being able to be trapped by Earths magnetic field
Source: Antimatter Belt and Astrophysics Journal, letters
Tag :
space
Origin - Ancient Star Map: Kitora Tomb, Asuka circa 65BC
Ancient star chart from Kitora Tomb, Asuka 65BC, depicting sky from seen from China, from locations such as modern-day Xi'an and Luoyang with recognisable star patterns
Source: http://www.asuka-park.go.jp/kitora/
Note: The star map shows clear celestial patterns not seen in older star maps eg. 17,000 year old Lascaux cave paintings show
Pleiades, Taurus, Orion and AldebaranNote: The star map shows clear celestial patterns not seen in older star maps eg. 17,000 year old Lascaux cave paintings show
It has designations for the horizon, equator and ecliptic circles, as well as recognisable patterns of stars.
Tag :
origin
Earth Moon System
The Earth, Moon and Sun relationship contain some interesting numbers, ratios and occurrences (that suggest a highly ordered and rearranged system). In particular the numbers 366, 273, 400 and 100. Eg. the Earth is 3.66 times larger than the moon and the Sun 400 times larger.
The E.M.S relationship is as follows:
- Moon = 273
- Earth = 366
- Sun = 40, 000
366 EArth
The Earth appears to have an association with the number 366
- 36.6 °C = Average human body temperature
- 366 days (Phaitos disc calender *)
- 366 Lunar days
- The Earth turns 366 times, each orbit of the Sun
- Earth/Moon diameter = 3.66
- 366/Speed of Light ≈ 100km/ms **
- 11/3 = 3.666
- Reciprocal: Earth has 10 000 days to 366 lunar days
* the Phaitos Disc contains on the front 30 divisions/31 divisions on the back - which flips every 40 years
**c, speed of light = 292, 792, 458 m/s2
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273 MOON
The MOON appears to have a 273 correlation
Sun circumference: 2730 000milesSun acceleration: 273 m/s2
400Moon = 27.3% Earths Size (1/4th)Moon acceleration: 273 cm/s2Moon orbits Earth and turns on it's axis every 27.3 earth days
- 273 days in human pregnancy
- 27.3 days in menstrual cycle
- 273.2 °C = absolute zero
- 273K = absolute phase change (water)
- 1/273 per °C = expansions eduction of gas
- Square the circle: a circles: square diameter is 27.3% longer
- Inscribing a circle within a square: the four corners make up 27.3% of total area
- The moon is a 1/40th scale model of the Sun
- The moon is 400x from the Sun (relative to Earth)
- Sun/Moon diameter = 400.2923
100
- Earth's orbit = 1/10,000th the speed of light, c
- Light travels across Earths disc in 1000 seconds
60 (sexagesimal Sumerian origin)
Ratios
Posted with Blogsy
Tag :
273
Pluto and Charon
PLUTO & CHARON
Updated: July 18th 2015
Plutos Mysterious Icy Region
Pluto contains a mysterious range of 11,000-foot mountains composed of frozen water ice, but its surface and the surface of its largest moon, Charon, are surprisingly devoid of large impact craters. This indicates to scientists that both bodies could be geologically active.
As Pluto and Charon are tidally locked, this implies there is an inadequate heat exchange mechanism to explain such geological features. Thus Pluto may be quite young, est 100 million years old, geologically active or have another unknown source of such featureless plains
Meanwhile, New Horizons also imaged the smaller moons of Nix, Hydra, Styx, and Kerberos
Pluto has some amazing geographical and planetary features
- Geologically, appears powered by unknown mystery source. Due to the fact no impact craters are seen, it must be geologically active or fairly young eg 100 million years old
- Nitrogen atmosphere
- Contains a Plasma tail (similar to Venus and Mars) showing solar wind interaction and atmospheric loss rate
Mystery Energy Source
July 18th 2015 update
"They have surface areas that have no craters. There must be craters [from meteorite impacts] unless they are young. We also see fault lines, scarps [cliffs] and other tectonic features such as rift valleys on both Pluto and Charon. It is unmistakable.""Where does the energy come from? We don't know. We have theories. We flew by Pluto on Tuesday [14 July]. We made the discovery on Thursday and now it's Saturday. We just don't know and we cannot formulate theories that fast."Pluto is covered in a deep layer of water ice which, frozen by the planet's -230C surface temperature, behaves like rock.Source: The Sunday Times
The Heart Of Pluto (Tombaugh Regio)
Within this icy region, lies a vast, craterless plain that appears to be no more than 100 million years old. North of this region lies the Sputnik Planum (sputnik plain). Below is a simulated flyover showing the icy details and new wonders
17th Jul 2015
This simulated flyover of Pluto’s Norgay Montes (Norgay Mountains) and Sputnik Planum (Sputnik Plain) was created from New Horizons closest-approach images. Norgay Montes have been informally named for Tenzing Norgay, one of the first two humans to reach the summit of Mount Everest. Sputnik Planum is informally named for Earth’s first artificial satellite. The images were acquired by the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) on July 14 from a distance of 48,000 miles (77,000 kilometers)
PLUTO NITROGEN ATMOSPHERE & PLASMA TAIL
14th July 2015
Cold, Dense Region of Atmospheric Ions Behind Pluto
the Solar Wind Around Pluto (SWAP) instrument observed a cavity in the solar wind — the outflow of electrically charged particles from the Sun — between 48,000 miles (77,000 km) and 68,000 miles (109,000 km) downstream of Pluto. SWAP data revealed this cavity to be populated with nitrogen ions forming a “plasma tail” of undetermined structure and length extending behind the planetSource: JHUAPL
CHARONs Mysterious Depressed Mountain
A newly released Charon photo, which was taken by NASA's New Horizons probe during its epic Pluto flyby Tuesday (July 14), reveals a mountain rising out of a big hole on the 750-mile-wide (1,200 kilometers) moon's surface.
The feature, which is visible at the upper left-hand corner of the inset, is "a large mountain sitting in a moat," Jeff Moore, of NASA’s Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California, said in a statement.
Tag :
space
